Title
Does Non-farm Sector Employment Reduce Rural Poverty and Vulnerability? Evidence from Vietnam and India
Abstract
The present study examines whether employment in the rural non-farm sector (RNFE) has any poverty-reducing and/or vulnerability-reducing effect in Vietnam and India. To take account of sample selection bias associated with RNFE, we have applied treatment-effects model, a variant of Heckman sample selection model. It is found that log per capita consumption or log mean per capita expenditure (MPCE) significantly increased as a result of access to RNFE in Vietnam and India - which is consistent with poverty reducing role of accessing RNFE - with the aggregate effect larger in Vietnam than in India. Access to RNFE significantly reduces vulnerability too in both countries, implying that diversification of household activities into non-farm sector would reduce such risks. When we disaggregate non-farm sector employment by its type, we find that poverty and vulnerability reducing effects are much larger for sales, professionals, and clerks than for unskilled or manual employment in the non-farm sector in both countries. However, as even unskilled or manual non-farm employment significantly reduces poverty and vulnerability in India, this has considerable policy significance as the rural poor do not have easy access to skilled non-farm employment.
Keywords
Poverty, Vulnerability, Non-farm sector, Treatment Effects Model, Vietnam, India
JEL Classification
C21, C31, I32, O15
Inquiries
School of Social Sciences, the University of Manchester, UK
and
Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration
Kobe University
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe
657-8501 Japan
Phone: +81-78-803-7036
FAX: +81-78-803-7059
Raghav GAIHA
Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, India
Ganesh THAPA
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome, Italy